Online Subscription Based Music Services - 936 Words

1. Online subscription based music services (like Spotify) compare lists of songs users have played using if statements and for loops to find recommended songs for us. If a certain percentage of songs are the same in the list of songs two users have played, the system will recommend songs to the first user from the list of the other one. Computer and mobile games use all programming concepts we have covered in this course: they store lots of data - for example boolean variables to check if objectives have been completed and integers or floats to keep track of the user s score, they use loops and functions for all kinds of things like running the game while the player s health is above 0 or a function to make the player character move when a key is pressed. Perhaps the most obvious programming concept used in games is the if statement, to check if an obstacle is hit (by checking if the distance between the moving object and the obstacle is smaller than a certain value) or to make enemies stop moving if their health is zero. Delivery companies use lists (databases) to store tracking numbers and if statements to check if a number entered into their online tracking system matches any in the list of these numbers. If it does, they display the estimated delivery date and time (which are stored in variables) and otherwise display an error message informing the user that the number they entered is incorrect. Online messaging programs also use lists to store all kinds of userShow MoreRelatedHow Spotify Positively Changed The Music Industry.Streaming1701 Words   |  7 PagesSpotify Positively Changed the Music Industry Streaming music has become a common practice in today’s society. Whether it be through apps or websites, people are constantly looking for ways to play their desired music on demand and for little to no cost. Traditionally, this would be achieved by illegally downloading music using torrent based websites or by ripping the digital files from an encrypted source. But within the last few years, with the introduction of new services aimed to eliminate piracyRead MorePandora Radio: Fire Unprofitable Customers?761 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Model: Value Proposition: Pandora’s Music Genome Project offers a unique value proposition in that it provides users with their preferred genre of music based on a single input. They have a large collection of songs in their database categorized into 65 million stations. Users are able to pick multiple genres or create ‘listening stations’ based on musical style, artist, song or composer. This ‘hands-free’ or minimal-interaction listening service was an innovative idea and offered a distinctiveRead MoreIntroduction. 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The company goal is to provide never ending good music to curious listeners. Pandora started in 2000 and their system was created with the help of Music Genome Project. The Pandora’s software was developed together with Genome Project and introduced by Tim Westergren (Wallace, pg. 207). The music analysts take the time to listen to every song, and then categorize the song by melody, harmony, instrumentation, rhythm, vocals

Propaganda During World War I - 1796 Words

Propaganda in World War I Anthony Morgan Ms. Beck Honors World Cultures Period 7 19 March 2017 Propaganda is defined as the information, ideas, or rumors which are deliberately spread widely to help towards a nation, government, or any type of cause against another. The use of propaganda can be extremely persuasive, if it is used correctly. In the time frame of July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918, the use of propaganda in the world was being used on a global scale. It was being used through newspapers, posters, radio stations, and even through writing books. There was more than just one type of propaganda being used in World War I, and one example would be the type of propaganda that was used by the British. This was mainly used†¦show more content†¦However, others felt that nobody should have to go through such difficulty in a point of their life. Throughout World War I, there was a common need for males to be recruited into the military force, and propaganda was one technique that was globally used in an attempt to recruit men as allies and defeat the enemy by usin g different methods such as conscription, recruitment, and also atrocity propaganda. Recruitment propaganda was a technique used to recruit males for the military in the time of need. This became very prominent during the time of World War I. This was majorly influencing in the years of 1915 and 1916. While it was at its highest influence rate, it was recruiting hundreds of thousands of men each year. This was very beneficial, for the main purpose that the nations were attempting to build a strong military force to protect their homeland. First, it influenced men to join the military from fear, patriotism, guilt, and even accusation. Also, it appealed to the emotions of women and men to press the issue upon family members that were eligible to join the military. This was mainly achieved through propaganda posters. These were vital to the recruitment process because they could be posted on walls almost anywhere. Also, the posters were relatively cheap, easy to make, and were able to get the neededShow MoreRelatedPropaganda During The World War I1442 Words   |  6 Pages World War 1, a war starting in 1914 and ceasing in 1918, was a time when Britain took advantage of many types of warfare, such as aviation technology and chemical warfare, no exception to these more physical types of warfare was the increased use of propaganda. In Britain propaganda became an extremely effective tool of non-physical warfare, and the government and war offices used the resource to its full extent in many different ways. 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This propaganda helped gain support for the war, and also created a high morale of the people. Although this is the definition of propaganda, the real question is how valuable really was this propaganda in influencing the views of Americans? The answer is very useful,Read MoreThe Great War : The Mobilization Of Women1596 Words   |  7 PagesTHE GREAT WAR: THE MOBILIZATION OF WOMEN In 1914 the Great War, later known as World War I, erupted throughout Europe. With isolationism’s strong hold on the American government, it was not until 1917 that the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies. With this new challenge facing the United States, propaganda began to dominate the majority of images produced in the United States during this period. With the bulk of the male population overseas much of the propaganda was geared inRead MoreRole of Women in WWI1712 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Role of Women in WWI Abstract During the World War I, effective propaganda and publicity was used by Britain and its allies to create patriotism, recruit new soldiers, and raise funds and to justify for going on war against the enemy. Women played an important role in influencing the propaganda of World War I. Literature, music, cinema, posters and postcards were used in order to promote the war and justify its cause by Britain and its allies. World War I had a massive impact in Europe andRead MoreNazi Germany During World War I924 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War I, Adolf Hitler formed the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda after his rise to power in Germany. 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Although the United States’ first large-scale wartime experience with propaganda in its semi-modern form of ‘yellow journalism’ took place during the Spanish-American War , primitive forms of it have exist ed since the days of â€Å"the tattoo-covered Caddo warrior, whose body attests to every victory, accomplishment, or god worshiped† and â€Å"Hannibal’s titanic war elephants advancing across the Italian plain.† Even â€Å"the ‘rebel yells’ of ConfederateRead MoreComparison of Media Propaganda Used During the Two World Wars1715 Words   |  7 PagesWith this essay I will be comparing the way propaganda was used during the World Wars, what was their aim and target audiences and how they affected civilian and military moral and more importantly how art and poster design was used to properly influence and imprint ideas and morals to the viewers. I will also compare how different design techniques were used in each war and how effective or ineffective they were in each case and what their common attributes were and in what way they were differentRead MorePropaganda For The World War I1650 Words   |  7 Pagesmasses to a single viewpoint. Propagand a: â€Å"ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to benefit a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.† Could there be a more perfect tool used to influence millions of people; whether it be promoting or bashing a person, and idea, or a nation? Something as innocent as a poster on wall seen by a passerby, but with a sentimental message that urges attention. People have used propaganda for centuries hoping to furtherRead MoreWorld War I Was Not Inevitable1681 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"World War I was not inevitable, as many historians say. It could have been avoided, and it was a diplomatically botched negotiation,† once said Richard Holbrooke, an American diplomat. Many people worldwide agree with Mr. Holbrooke, believing WWI to be a waste of human lives. Known for its ridiculous start, fueled by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, and its huge impact on numerous countries earned it the title of the Great War. Th ough many people considered it pointless and as a war with

Camrail Finance German Colony

Question: Discuss about theCamrail Financefor German Colony. Answer: Introduction The Cameroon railway line was constructed by the German colony. The colony managed to lay two lines from the port at Douala to Esaka and the other from Bonaberi to Nkongasamba. The Esaka line was later continued to Yaounde with a short branch at Mbalmayo when the French colony took over. After Cameroon had gained independence, a short branch railway was opened from Bnga to Kumba, and in 1974 626 km was completed from Yaounde north to Ngaoundere, with funding from European. The entire network is meter-gauged and operates on diesel. Its maximum length was about 1,100 km, but until now only about 977km remains operational (An Cheung, 2010). In the year 1974, the government parastatal Rgie Nationale des Chemins de Fer de Cameroun (Regifercam) used to operate the railway which had a significant role in the commodity dominated economy. The railway line was convenient in transporting timber products and cotton for export since many main roads were in poor condition especially during rainy season. In the 1980s, the government introduced performance contracts in the railway service which performed poorly and later abandoned the strategy and replaced it with subsidies. Lack of maintenance contributed heavily to the deterioration of the northern line to Douala which little freight traffic (Aquarius 3 financial model rule book, 2002). In the same period, part of the southern section was upgraded, but road transport provided a stiff completion. In the year1999 the railway line was carrying 1.5 million of freight for and an average distance of 600km, 1.3 million passengers for an average distance of 230 km. The line had annual tra nsport revenue were about 40 million, 33 million on freight and 5.0 million on passengers. Working expenses were about 35 million plus depreciation and interest charges of 16 million and 4 million respectively, contributed to annual loss operating losses of about 10-15 million. Till 1999 only half of the 61 locomotives were operational, many of the 1,296 wagon freight fleets required refurbishing, and out of the 73 passenger car fleet vehicles only 50 were operational. Regifercam downsized its workforce to 3,800 employees in 1999, down from about 6,000 in 1988. Downsize was brought about by low productivity especially given that about 60 percent of the network was somehow new ("Financial Stability Warning Model for Beijing", 2013). Analysis According to the study, the railway transport sector had performed poorly ever since it was laid down, till the year when the government resulted in the issue of a consensus. The main reason as to why the Government has continuously supported the railway line despite its non-performance and poor services is the need for a reliable means of transport regardless of the weather conditions (Ford, Baptist, Archuleta, 2011). Projects Economic and Financial Feasibility and Viability The Cameroon railway project has for years incurred massive losses, but thanks to the government for the issuance of consensus to SAGA/SDV, a company that has revived the railway transport sector in Cameroon. The move promoted the public-private partnership which has seen the private sector get involved in the wellbeing of the economy. Since the takeover by the SAGA, it has been noted that traffic has increased to about 40 percent regarding tone per kilometer. Since 2005 the level of passenger traffic has grown steadily almost getting to previous levels of the 1990s. CAMRAI labour productivity has also increased due to the increase in traffic. This as well has raised the countries and reduced the rate of unemployment. Assets that were idle due to lack of maintenance have now been put into use since the takeover, hence improving the asset productivity. Profit margins have also experienced a turnaround as a 3.0 percentage increase has been recorded since SAGA took over (Subramanian Tu ng, 2016). The CAMRAIL project has also received funding of 32 million in its first two years since SAGA took over with borrowings of up to 8 million from French/ European agencies. A complementary investment of 12 million was made by CAMRAIL. This was due to delays in mobilizing international agencies funds. Another priority investment of 64 million was invested by CAMRAIL with 19 million from IDA and European/ French agencies. The total funding is 108 million with CAMRAIL contributing 55 million this shows that about 50 percent of finding is external. The half way the percentage of funding shows that the project is economically viable as it has not exhausted its debt resources; this also shows the liquidity of the project is high. The low debt level translates to low amounts of interests payable to the lenders. The low interest reduces the burden on the cost of transport which in turn attracts more business to the railway transport thus ensuring its feasibility in the Camer oonian economy. The recorded increase of 3 percent in profits for the year shows that the project has been able to utilize its assets, paid the interests on debts and has also been able to meet its expenses. The outcome leads to a conclusion that the project finances are healthy and also there is still room for improvement. The opportunity for improvement was created by the Government move in 2008 when it amended the concession contract and introduced the following key measures; Increasing the capital to $ 9 million by the Government, setting the fixed and variable fees at $ 4.4 million as part of the fixed concession fee, financing of the new infrastructure renewal program through 2020 at the cost of $ 193 million to be provided by the Cameroonian government. The government also has to finance $27 million passenger only rolling stock and the rest of the amount of $ 290 million to be provided by the concessionaire. The drawback that is affecting the CAMRAIL operations though not in a very significant manner is the failure from the government side to provide the omnibus compensation. The revenue could have been put into good us if the government had kept its end of the bargain. Projects Key Drivers for its Inception The railway transport sector largely contributes a lot in every countries economy. CAMRAIL in Cameroon was constructed by the Germans to ease movement across the country as well as generate revenue. After the Cameroonian government approved a concession to SAGA to facilitate the public-private partnership, the railway transport has made a huge change in reviving rail transport. The key drivers that led to the inception of the CAMRAIL project are the for cheaper transport means of goods and passengers across the country during and after the colonial period. A drive to generate revenue from the transport of passengers and goods that is later used to stimulate development in other sectors, to create employment opportunities hence reduce the rate of employment in the country and improve the lively hood of citizens, a drive to increase the contribution of growth in the countrys GDP by providing a cheaper means of transporting timber products and cotton for export, the drive to establish a n alternative means of transport that is not affected by the seasonal bad weather that renders roads impassable and finally ensure the government services, as well as dominance, are extended to the societies accessibility level. So far the CAMRAIL project has managed to satisfy these drivers with most of them being achieved after the SAGA consensus was approved. These drivers have with time since the inception of the project been amplified by the construction of new railway roads as well as better management of finances as well as operations (Yescombe, 2002). Project Finance Projects are mainly implemented to elevate the wellbeing of a country or business. Project financing incorporates the whole process of budgeting selecting the source of finance, the security for the financing the acquiring of the funds disbursing and expenditure. It is, therefore, crucial that all these steps are taken into consideration ensuring that they are all targeting economic development as economic feasibility. Project financing fosters development in that the source where the finance has been acquired from can expand business e.g. a bank will be collecting interest from the loan acquired to fund the project. In turn government revenue increases in the form of tax due to increase in revenue realized by the financial institution. The revenue collected is further used to fund new projects or sustain the existing thus promoting development. Moreover, the financial institution can open more branches or reinvest the revenues hence expanding the economy as well as promoting develop ment. Budgeting for the project finance requires skilful individuals. The requirements prompt the owner of the project to hire the skills at a fee and thus creating employment which is one of the key drivers of economic development. Also to take out a loan, there is a need for valuation of the security that is to be provided against the loan. Evaluators are therefore required to conduct the evaluation process which creates more employment as well as increase the flow of cash in the economy and hence development. Once a project is underway there is a lot of expenditure that has to be done. The expense is usually on materials needed to complete the project. These materials are usually purchased locally and thus promoting business within the projects environs. These purchase help significantly in expanding the business that is later able to employ more individuals hence reducing the rate of unemployment thus promoting development. To run the project smoothly, it requires services from various stakeholders, such as transport, who provide services at a fee. This fee is treated as income by the government during taxation. Also, the revenue realized is used to expand the economy through government investment and expenditure resulting to economic development. Finally, after the completion of the project, there is income that is continuously realized from its operations, such income is used for further development of the economy. The project also employs individuals to man the completed project as they derive a salary as a way of compensation for their services. Thus further employment is created as well as the increase of government revenue informs of income tax hence promoting development. Challenges of Incorporating External Social/Environmental Factors into the Model The CAMRAIL project had previously attracted negative publicity from the Cameroonian citizens due to poor service delivery. Upon the 2008 contract amendment, SAGA, with the help of the government plans to build a new infrastructure at the cost of $ 193 million (Pretorius, 2008). The planned project will probably be set to operate on routes that at times are forced to be built through private property, forest and game reserves as well as heritage land. This, therefore, will inflate the cost of the reconstruction as compensation will be required to acquire private land. At times rerouting the rail will be the option as a result of social values, and also legal proceedings are bound to be encountered as not every citizen is fully satisfied with the execution of the project. All these factors will increase the size of the financial model as well as inflate the cost of completing the CAMRAIL project. The challenge of incorporating all these external factors is that the value of the expect ed challenge cannot be easily estimated in monetary form as it is deemed to take place in the future. Another challenge is that the inflated cost as result of factoring in all the factors may lead to the contraction or shortening of the project considering the finances are fixed. Selfish interest, politics and corruption might arise in case the external social factors are to be included. This will mainly be eluded from individuals who want to earn unlawful way to manipulate the project to serve their selfish interest. Finally, to bring these social factors to light, there is a need for research. The research requires time as well as financial resources to take place. This directly shows more funding is required to fund the research. The fund to conduct the research is a challenge as it is not included in the previous amount allocated by the Government. Ways to Improve Financial Modeling of the Project Good financial models are obtained from proper planning and involvement of all stakeholders together with the affected parties. A financial model should consider planning for the expected or unforeseen costs on the project way before the project is about to start. In this way, the model is able to engage the society regarding the various steps that the project is expected to take and how the society will be affected. Also to provide the best, it is wise to revisit previous financial projects so to ensure that the delivered financial model is the best model. By so doing the model is able to budget for amounts to be used in acquiring of assets as well as land meant for the building of the project (Winsen, 2010). Furthermore, the model will also estimate the future cost of the project as it will have incorporated the expected value of currency come the day of ground breaking. Financial models, therefore, a financial model acts as the heart of the project and there is need to have an alm ost flawless model that will enable the project to reduce the amount of friction between planned project and all its existing factors. When one is willing to attain the above-mentioned standards, it is wise to outsource the services of financial modeling as it will not only save time and resources also transparency, accountability as well as a public, private partnership will be enhanced. Structuring of the project to maximize returns as well as maintain social popularity A good project especially the CAMRAIL project is one that is meant to benefit the state as a whole as well as the ruling government. Such a project requires having met several thresholds to be able to attain smooth implementation. For the case of CAMRAIL project as the project planner, I will ensure that the project has brought together all the involved parties and that all their grievances are recorded and addressed. The project plan will be structured in such a way that at every phase of the project, the contracted company is ordered by the terms of the contract to ensure that the surrounding community is involved from employment to acquiring of their land. This will smoothen as well as save time taken to implement the project as they will be gaining from the project long before it commences operations. Funding f the project will much less remain the same as the government will be providing the funds for the project. The only addition that the project will require is a contingency fund which will be set at 20 percent of the provided fund, this amount will be used to unforeseen meat need s throughout the project and If the reserve does not have been depleted after the completion of the project it will be used to clear part of the debt acquired from external sources hence reduce the interest payable as well as number of years on loan repayment. Also, the plan of the project will have a provision of continuous review as the project goes on so as to make sure that all the recorded requirements are met. This will be made possible by the involvement of a quality assurance firm that will assess the project at every phase. Finally, the entire project will be structured in such a way that all the functions are to be outsourced from reputable companies with credible profiles. This will put the government at a position of an overseer while at the same time promoting credibility and minimizing corruption (James, 2014). after all the above has been put in place, return on investment will be very appealing as part of their remaining amount of funds is used to clear debt hence lowering the interest payable to lenders. The realized amount that is obtained once the project starts to operate will have a high return on investment since, corruption was minimized, and resources were allocated economically as the aim of the private companies is to achieve maximum profits. The standards were met as the quality assurance company was present to assets the project. On the other hand, the society will also be enjoying the benefits of the project as the surrounding community will be employed, as well as compensation of property that is acquired for construction of the project. Furthermore, the arrangement of the public, private partnership will enhance the popularity of the project in the society as the circulation of cash will also go a long way in improving their lifestyle. Conclusion The CAMRAIL project has seen its fair share of the challenges since its inception by the Germans. However, this has not made the determination by the government to have a better rail to weather. The move of engaging the private sector in the project has proven fruitful as it seen the losses have been converted to profits and the assets that had been kept a side due to lack of fund are now fully utilized to generate revenue. About the trend of performance witnessed compared to previous years before concession, it is evident that this project is bound to benefit the society as well as contribute largely to the Cameroon GDP. This project also has better days in future as the government has decided to pump in funds and also since the financial status of the project is sound. In conclusion, the project is viable and economically feasible and at the same time befitting the society. Camrail Financial Model References An, Y. Cheung, K. (2010). Project financing: Deal or no deal.Review Of Financial Economics,19(2), 72-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rfe.2009.02.002 Aquarius 3 financial model rule book. (2002) (1st ed.). [London]. Esty, B. (2000). The Equate Project.The Journal Of Structured Finance,5(4), 7-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2000.320197 Financial Stability Warning Model for Beijing. (2013).China-USA Business Review,12(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.17265/1537-1514/2013.02.001 Ford, M., Baptist, J., Archuleta, K. (2011). A Theoretical Approach to Financial Therapy: The Development of the Ford Financial Empowerment Model.Journal Of Financial Therapy,2(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.4148/jft.v2i2.1447 Gatti, S. (2008).Project finance in theory and practice(1st ed.). London: Elsevier/Academic Press. Haberl, M. (2015).PPP-Projekte in den Volkswirtschaften in Subsahara-Afrika(1st ed.). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH. Hae Young Lee,. (2007). Financial Distress Cost Determinants Model and Financial Productivity.Productivity Review,21(4), 79-100. https://dx.doi.org/10.15843/kpapr.21.4.200712.79 Hoffman, S. (2008).The law and business of international project finance(1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. James, P. (2014). Project Financial Management and Modern Financial Slavery: The Case of a KSA Metro Project Start-up.Asian Journal Of Finance Accounting,6(2), 278. https://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v6i2.6297 Kaji, S. Ogawa, E. (2013).Who will provide the next financial model?(1st ed.). Tokyo: Springer. Katsikas, A. (2015). Confessions of a Project Finance Modeler.The Journal Of Structured Finance,21(2), 74-75. https://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2015.21.2.074 Morrison, R. (2012).The principles of project finance(1st ed.). Farnham: Ashgate Pub. Muluh, S. (2005).Revised national collective bargaining agreements(1st ed.). [Bamenda, Cameroon]: Muluh Shadrack. Politis, D. (2007). Model-free versus Model-based Volatility Prediction.Journal Of Financial Econometrics,5(3), 358-359. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjfinec/nbm004 Pretorius, F. (2008).Project finance for construction infrastructure(1st ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Pub. Subramanian, K. Tung, F. (2016). Law and Project Finance.Journal Of Financial Intermediation,25, 154-177. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2014.01.001 Winsen, J. (2010). An overview of project finance binomial loan valuation.Review Of Financial Economics,19(2), 84-89. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rfe.2009.10.002 Yescombe, E. (2002).Principles of project finance(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. Railway Reform: Toolkit For Improving Rail Sector Performance. (2016).Ppiaf.org. Retrieved 27 November 2016, from https://ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/railways_toolkit/download.html

Propanol and Butanol Essay Example

Propanol and Butanol Paper To investigate and compare the relationships between the amounts of energy released from different alcohols in the alcohol series. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Alcohols are a series of organic homologous compounds with the general formula of C(n) H(2n+1) OH. They gain their properties, which are different to those of other compounds in the homologous series due to the OH bonded to the Carbon. The 4 simplest alcohols are Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol and Butanol. Each alcohol has one more carbon and two more hydrogens than the previous one. When alcohols are heated to react in a copious supply of oxygen they undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is an exothermic one and produces a flame emitting light and thermal energy. This is because the energy put into the alcohol to break the bonds is less than the energy given out by new bonds forming. Therefore, different alcohols release different amounts of energy. The diagrams and calculations on the following sheets show the theoretical energy release of each alcohol using the bond energy values below. BOND TYPE BOND ENERGY (KJ/mol) 0-H 463 C-H 412 C-O 360 C=O. We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 805 (Carbon dioxide) O=O 496 C-C 348 The calculations show that: (the negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light) ALCOHOL ENERGY RELEASED (KJ/mol)) Methanol -659 Ethanol -1279 Propan-1-ol -1899 Butan-1-ol -2519 The negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light as an exothermic reaction. The graph shows that as the length of alcohol chains increases the energy released by combustion will also increase directly proportionally. This is shown by the straight line passing through the origin on the graph on page 6. This is because the longer chains have give out more energy from the bonds formed in the products than the energy that went in to break the extra carbon and 2 hydrogen bonds. During this investigation I will be using propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol. The 1 refers to the structure of the compound, as Propanol and Butanol are capable of having more than one structure but share the same molecular formula. This is important as other isomers will release different levels of energy due to the different arrangement of bonds. PREDICTION The evidence given previously states that the longer the chain of the molecules the more energy it will release. Therefore I expect Methanol to give of the least energy and Butan-1ol to release the most amount of energy. This is due to the enrrgy of the products in Butanol being higher than the energy in Methanol. My graph should look the same as the one on the previous page for the theoretical energy release values. However, I will expect my results to show a lower level of energy release because not all of the energy will go into heating the water. Some of the heat will be lost by being blown away and some energy will take the form of light. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. How high do I place the calorimeter above the burner? I found that a decent sized flame was 4cm and therefore I clamped the calorimeter 7cm above the top of the burner. This allowed for the flame to burn freely without the bottom of the calorimeter interfering with the combustion and making it unfair. How large should the flame be? Although the size of the flame will not effct the results diretly because the rate at which the alcohol burns is irrelevant due to the fat that the change in mass is also measured. However, the size of the flame can make the results inaccurate in other ways. I found that the small flames flickered to much and did not produce a constant enough source of heat. However, I also found that the large flames were blown around a lot by the slightest of drafts and therefore the heat was not always being transferred into the calorimeter. I decided that 4cm was a good height to use as it was not affected by the drafts too much and did not flicker.   How much water do I fill the calorimeter with? The amount of water in the calorimeter needs to be a sensible amount as too much will not heat up enough to be recorded accurately and too little will heat up so much it boils and the results are useless. Therefore I decided to use 70cmi (70g) of distilled water as it was heated up enough to be recorded acuratly but did not boil.   How often do I stir the calorimeter? The calorimeter needs to be stirred so that the water is moved around and uniform heating occurs. Uniform heating means that all the water is the same temperature and not just the bottom of the water is heated. Uniform heating make results more accurate. I decided to plunge the stirring wire down and up once every 5 seconds in order to mix the water.   How long do I heat the calorimeter for?

League of Legends an online multiplayer 5v5 team b Essays

League of Legends an online multiplayer 5v5 team b Essays League of Legends an online multiplayer 5v5 team based game. Insane amount of strategy and teamwork is needed to be successful. Pro teams have this plus more, however how there team is made up is important. The process of building a league of legends team has many factors and many steps to take to make it successful and useful to actually go far in the league. There are a few simple ways to build a League of Legends team. Building a team is all about synergy and getting a group of people who like working together, can communicate with one another, and can play well together. The entire idea behind a League of Legends team is the idea that you can do your job and be able to rely on your teammates to do the same. "You can not assume that a team can be made up of from five solo queue players who do well on their own." (Flores 1) Firstly finding members for a team can be very difficult at times. Players are hard to successfully determine as potential team players and you can only certain of this player if you first allow them to play games with you and the team. Elo a person's win loss ratio and how they are climbing the ladder are important. The ladder is a set of tiers each season other players compete to achieve a higher rank. For example A gold 3 player is better than a silver 2 player. Each tier the skill level climbs and makes the ladder even tougher. So you want your team mate to have a high elo. After filling your roster it's time for to determine whom the team leader is going to be. The team leader is the most important part of a team. He is the one who will make the calls to go for objectives. If you can't maintain control of your team it is very difficult to get things done. As a leader you need to make sure your team respects you enough to listen to your calls when they are made even if the call being made is good or not. If they don't respect you they won't listen to you, which brings up the point that you have to earn respect through your actions and should not assume that they will listen to you automatically. After you have built your team you need to practice to develop a team bond and to know each others play styles. "Practices should consist of strict time management. Get what needs to be done, done. There are many things you can do in practices to help better the team inevitably" (Soren Bjerg) Some of the things you can do to help you practice is: Analyze repl ays of livestream footage from last practice. Live streaming helps a lot because you can see what went wrong last game and fix it for the next game. Your teammates need to be forced to play characters they have never played. Work on staying together and communicating on objectives, talking and being able to communicate well is essential for a successful team. Preparing for tournaments is a big deal. By knowing the other teams like playing, you can begin to prepare by banning those champions during your ranked games to get used to the other champions that may be played. Once your team has practiced a lot and you feel ready to enter the league you need to get sponsors. Sponsors help pay for expenses that a beginning team will not be able to cover. Such as covering plane cost, food, hotels/homes and new equipment. Sponsors are a big part of any team, they are investing in you to do good and to have their name put out there. Finally you have the money to enter the league. Now it's time for do or die. The competition is rough you begin by starting a split playing 2 games a week with 12 other teams. Each split is 12 weeks long and the top 6 teams will compete in the tournament to when that specific split. Splits are separated into Spring, Summer, Fall and then a big tournament which is

Islam Questions Essays - Sunni Islam, Ijtihad, Sharia, Faqh

Islam Questions Essays - Sunni Islam, Ijtihad, Sharia, Faqh Islam Questions 1.Islam is a religion with many sects in which all followers share the central theme of the belief in one God who sent His revelation, called the Quran, through the Prophet Muhammad and conduct their lives based on the rules given in the Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet and is set apart from other monotheistic religions by its followers belief in the finality of Muhammads prophetic mission. 2.The thing that surprised me the most while reading the book was the number of sects that fall under Islam and the major separation of the sects (primarily Sunni and Shi3i) and the sects that fall under them as well, yet they are all still united by the central theme and Shahada. 3.Elias characterizes Islamic law as follows: while being an important and visible part of the Islamic society, it is but one facet of the religion, and is just that, a very religiously based law. He seems to place faith and the core religious expectations over the devotion to traditions of law, but still places Islamic Law over Western Law in that it is a more mediating system. Notes on Islam Islamic Law: Sharia Sources Sharia the collected prescriptions dictated by God for the running of the universe Quran provides rules on diverse issues; cannot account for all situations; not a problem until the Islamic community spread/multiple generations after Muhammad Fiqh a system of law that provides a method by which rules can be developed to deal with new situations; four principles called Principles of Jurisprudence (Usul al-fiqh) The Quran Sunna Reasoning by analogy (qiyas) Consensus of the community (ijma) Principles of Jurisprudence Primary source of law is the Quran Rules are not open to debate, must be accepted at face value (i.e forbiddance of pork) Not in Quran, look to Sunna the example of the Prophet Muhammad Living Sunna preserved in traditions of a virtuous Islamic community Recorded Sunna preserved in hadiths, anecdotes concerning Muhammads actions Open to interpretation; often contradict one another In regards to Living Tradition/Sunna, not everyone agrees which traditions agree with what Muhammad would have done and which are innovations Balancing the Quran and Sunna and deriving laws from these sources that can then be applied to new situations involves reasoning by analogy and consensus of the community Ijtihad system of independent legal reasoning to come up with new laws Mujtahid someone qualified to engage in ijtihad Sunni Muslim jurists belong to four schools: Maliki North Africa; living Sunna of community > human reason Hanbali Saudi Arabia; literal interpretation of written texts > reasoning by analogy Shafi3i Arabs of Middle East and Indonesia; use ijtihad more frequently Hanafi South and Central Asia and Turkey; use ijtihad more frequently; most influential legal tradition in the Islamic world Shafi3i and Hanafi account for majority of Sunni Muslims Faqih scholar who engages in the theoretical study and interpretation of Islamic law Mufti appointed by the ruler for the purpose of answering questions concerning the law; many times a high-respected faqih Fatwa a legal opinion or decree, theoretically binding on the person who posed the question to the mufti, practically ignored if a displeasing answer Qadi someone who presides over a court and has the power of the state and its police to enforce his opinions; government officials appointed by rulers Sharia attempts to regulate all aspects of human life Divides activities into ritual/devotional acts and myriad details of relationships between humans Scholars have created a scale judging every human activity, ritual obligations on one end, forbidden behaviors at the other, with key points between the two occupied by recommended and discouraged actions Dietary matters vary by region Certain scholars said jurists should never rely completely on legal precedent, look at each case singularly, circumstances of each individual are unique Has prevented Shari3a from developing as a codified legal system Focus on the individual = mediatory not inquisitorial like Western law Western Law = accused by corporate entity, Islamic law = two individuals Goal = arriving at a settlement (Islamic,) not reaching a verdict (Western) If codified, people who are unfamiliar with the law have fewer safeguards than if they were subject to a rigid legal code

Read this stories and pull out imporatant 3 qoutes from each story Essay

Read this stories and pull out imporatant 3 qoutes from each story (6qoute) - Essay Example As a cripple, I swagger†. (p 1) â€Å"I wake up in the morning feeling the way most people do at the end of a bad day, and I take it from there. As a result, I spend a lot of time in extremis and, impatient with limitation, I tend to ignore my fatigue until my body breaks down in some way and forces rest. Then I miss picnics, dinner parties, poetry readings, the brief visits of old friends from out of town. The offspring of a puritanical tradition of exceptional venerability, I cannot view these lapses without shame. My life often seems a series of small failures to do as I ought†. (p 2) â€Å"A friend who also has MS startled me once by asking, "Do you ever say to yourself, Why me, Lord?" "No, Michael, I dont," I told him, "because whenever I try, the only response I can think of is Why not?" If I could make a cosmic deal, whom would I put in my place? What in my life would I give up in exchange for sound limbs and a thrilling rush of energy? No one. Nothing. I might as well do the job myself. Now that Im getting the hang of it†. (p 8) â€Å"It was at that moment I realized the deceit I had been living under. Children growing up in the American Southwest, drinking contaminated milk from contaminated cows, even from the contaminated breasts of their mothers, my mother--members, years later, of the Clan of one-Breasted Women†. (p 2) â€Å"But one by one, I watched the women in my family die common, heroic deaths. We sat in waiting rooms hoping for good news, always receiving the bad. I cared for them, bathed their scarred bodies, and kept their secrets. I watched beautiful women become bald as cisplatin, Cytoxan, and Adriamycin were injected into their veins. I held their foreheads as they vomited green-black bile and I shot them with morphine when the pain became inhuman. In the end, I witnessed their last peaceful breaths, becoming a midwife to the rebirth of their souls.